Buuggan waxaa qoray Francis Fukuyama, oo ah khabiir ku xeeldheer arrimaha siyaasadda iyo horumarka dhaqaalaha, kana soo shaqeeyay waaxda qorshaynta ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanka (State Department). Fukuyama waxa uu ku doodayaa in beesha caalamku ay wax ka beddesho oo hagaajiso dadaallada loogu jiro dawlad-dhiska maadaama dawladaha daciifka ah iyo kuwa fashilay ba ay yihiin isha ay ka soo unkamaan badanka dhibaatooyinka daran ee dunida ka jira.
Nidaamka dawladaha ee maanta caalamka ka jira ayaa waxaa astaan u noqday oo lagu aqoonsadaa dawladaha daciifka ah iyo kuwa fashilay, hase ahaatee Galbeedka ayaa iska indho-tiray ama burburka dawladaha keliya ka eegay dhinaca waxa ay u arkeen xasaradaha banii’aadannimo ee ka dhasha fashilkooda. Dunidan isku sii furantay ee carro-edegaysan oo argaggixisada, denbiyada, iyo cudurrada faafaba aysan xudduudo celin, dib-u-dhiska dawladahaasi ayaa noqday ajandaha koowaad ee arrimaha caalamiga ah.
Buuggan kooban balse indha-furka ah waxa uu Fukuyama tixgelintii u horraysay ee mudnaanteeda leh siinayaa arrinta burburka iyo fashilka dawladaha. Nasiib darro, farriinta Fukuyama uma muuqato mid saadaal wacan sheegeysa. Khubarada siyaasadda waxa ay si xoog leh uga doodeen baaxadda ay yeelanayso shaqada dawladda, balse waxa aan xoogga la saarin awoodda iyo kartida dawladda – awoodda xukuumadda ee ilaalinta xuquuqda dadka iyo dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo kala danbaynta.
Fukuyama waxa uu hal-abuuray erey-bixinta dawlad-ahaansho “stateness” oo uu ula jeedo awoodda waxqabad ee nidaamka dawladda. Labadan dhinac oo dawlad-ahaanshaha ah ayuu tilmaamay: xoogga dawladda, oo ah in dawladdu ay shuruucda u dhaqangelin karto si hagaagsan oo daahfuran; iyo baaxadda dawladda, oo ka dhigan shaqooyinka tirada badan ee ay dawladdu isku dayayso in ay xaqiijiso.
Si aan u fahanno waxa uu Fukuyama ula jeedo baaxadda (scope), waxa aan u baahannahay in aan ka fekerno shaqada dawladda iyo meesha ay ku eg tahay. Ka soo qaad dawlad doonaysa, keliya, in ay joogtayso kala danbaynta, dhaqangeliso shuruucda iyo heshiisyada, ka shaqayso difaaca qaranka, oo maamusho soo saarista lacagta. Fukuyama waxa uu dawladda noocaas ah u aqoonsanayaa in ay tahay mid baaxaddeedu uu kooboan yahay.
Ka soo qaad dawlad intii hore marka lagu daro, leh oo maamusha isbitaallo iyo warshado, isku dayaysa in ay bixiso waxbarasho lacag la’aan ah oo ilaa heer jaamacadeed ah, una ballan qaadaysa dadkeeda in ay helayaan taageero dhaqaale marka ay hawl-gabka noqdaan ama ay shaqo la’aan yihiin (cayr). Dawladda noocan ah ah waxa ay leedahay baaxad muuqata oo ka ballaaran tii hore. Hase ahaatee, in dawladdaasi ay karti u leedahay qabashada hawlahaasi oo dhan ayaa ah arrin gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan xoogga dawladda (strength).
Fukuyama waxa uu sidoo kale buuggani ku qaadaa-dhigayaa su’aashan muhiimka ah: Dalalka saboolka ahi maxay u baahan yihiin si ay horumar dhaqaale u gaaraan? Jawaabta caqliga sida fudud ugu soo dhacda ee su’aashaas ayaa xilliyadan danbe isbeddel ku yimid. Xilliyadii Ronald Reagan iyo Margaret Thatcher, khubarada horumarinta waxa ay diiradda saareen baaxadda dawladda, iyaga oo ku doodaya in dalalka soo koraya ay u baahan yihiin xukuumado yaryar; sidaas daraaddeedna ay dawladuhu joojiyaan hawlaha ay qaybaha kale ee bulshada ay iskeed u xallin karto ama hay’adaha gaarka loo leeyahay (private sector) ay baahideeda dabooli karaan. Nasiib darro, waxa aysan garwaaqsan muhimadda ay leedahay hay’ado xooggan sida in la helo maxkamado si wax ku ool ah u shaqeeya, nidaamyo sharci oo ilaaliya xuquuqda lahaanshaha hantida ee qofka. Tani waxa ay keentay in jihooyinka caalamiga ah sida Bangiga Dunida uu ka dalbado dalalka in ay yeeshaan dawlad yar iyada oo aan la kala saarin baaxadda (oo ay ahayd in la dhimmo) iyo xoogga (oo ay ahayd in la horumariyo).
Fukuyama waxa uu qalinka ku duugay qaladaadka iyo fahanka weecsan ee beesha caalamka ee horumarinta la xiriirta oo xilliyadan danbe u caddaatay in hay’ado siyaasadeed oo xasilloon oo si wacan u shaqeeya in ay lama huraan u tahay in la gaaro horumar dhaqaale.
Fukuyama waxa uu taxayaa sababaha keenay taagdarrada dalalka ugu horumarka yar dunida. Kow, xulka bulshada ayaa waxa ay faa’iido ugu jirtaa xaaladaha taagan (status quo), taas oo marar badan ay u arkaan arrin xasaasi ah oo aysan ka gorgortamayn. Laba, bulshada badankeed ayaan fahansanayn sida u fiicnaan lahayd iyaga haddii hay’ado wanaagsan la heli lahaa – iyada oo dadaallada deeq-bixiyeyaasha ee ku aaddan dhismaha hay’ado dawladeed oo xooggan oo “shuruudo ku xiran” ay badanaa fashil ku soo dhammaadaan.
Saddex, deeq bixiyeyaashu arrimaha dawlad-dhiska kuma dhiirradaaan in ay si adag ula dhaqmaan dawladaha ay taageerayaan ee aan ka soo bixin shuruudihii lagu xiray, kumana ganaaxaan in ay ka joojiyaan deeqaha ilaa ay dadaal iyo daacadnimo la xiriirta dawlad-dhiska laga arko. Xitaa haddii ay sidaas yeelaan, kuwii deeqaha joojiyay beddelkood waxaa imanaya dawlado ama hay’ado kale oo cusub. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, deeq-bixiyeyaashu waxa ay hortebin siiyaan bixinta adeego heersare ah halkii ay xoogga ka saari lahaayeen dhismaha kartida hay’adaha dalalka soo karaya ay u leeyihiin maamul dawladeed oo wax ku ool ah. Badanaa waxa ay si madax bannaan u shaqaalaysiiyaan shakhsiyaadka ugu wanaagsan gudaha dalka iyo la taliyeyaal ajnabi ah oo si madaxbannaan dawladda ula shaqeeya; tani oo ka dhigaysa dawladaha dalalkaasi kuwa sii taag darnaada marka qandaraasyadii la taliyeyaashaasi ay dhammaadaan.
Buuggan waxa uu sidoo kale gorfaynayaa dhinacyada caalamiga ah ee taag darrada dawladaha iyada oo uu tilmaamayo in xasillooni darradu ay tahay arrin la xiriirta taag darrada dawladda. Ilaa xilligii la dumiyay Derbigii Baarliin, xasaradaha caalamiga ah badankood waxa ay toos ula xiriireen dawlado burburka ama fashilka dawladaha. Gobannimadii dalalka ayaa taag darrada dawladaha dartood aad u nuglaatay. Maatadan, ma jirto cid ka tirsan beesha caalamka oo weli rumaysan gobannimo ‘dhammays’ ah oo ay leeyihiin qaar ka badan oo ka tirsan dawladaha taagta daran ama kuwa fashilan. Faragelintii banii’aadannimo ee 1990-aadkii ayaa dhaawacii ugu danbeeyay gaarsiiyay cududdii gobannimada ee dalal badan oo dawladahoodu ay burbureen ama ay ku fashilmeen joogtaynta kala danbayta iyo dhaqan gelinta sharciga.
Fukuyama dooddiisa ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in jihooyinka qalaad ay yar tahay waxa ay ka gaysan karaan xoojinta kartida dawladda, oo mararka qaarba waxa ay sabab u noqdaan meelmarinta siyaasado majo-xaabiya xoogga hay’adaha siyaasadeed ee dalalka ku jira dhabbaha dawlad-dhiska. Dhanka kale, Fukuyama waxa uu tusaalaynayaa fashilkii dawlad-dhiska ee dawladda Maraykanku ay ka wadday dalalka Afgaanistaan iyo Ciraaq isagoo u aanaynaya in duruufaha dalalkaasi aysan la mid ahayn kuwii Jabbaan, Kuuriya, iyo Jarmalka oo ku burburay dagaalkii 2-aad ee dunida maadaama dalalkaasi marka horeba ay lahaayeen maamul dawladeed xooggan oo dhulalkooda si dhammaystiran uga shaqeeya, halka dalalka Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika ay weli la’ yihiin nidaam dhexe oo xoog leh.
Gunaanadkii, waxaa muuqata in Fukuyama su’aalaha uu ka keenay dadaallada dawlad-dhiska ah ee hadda socda ay ka badan yihiin jawaabaha uu ku bixiyay buuggiisa. Arrintani ayaa waxaa sabab ah kala duwanaanshaha duruufaha bulshooyinka iyo dalalka tirada badan ee la daalaa-dhacaya dawladaha fashilay ama kuwa taagta daran. Tani ayaa ku soo biyo shubanaysa in dal walba uu u baahan tub dawlad-dhis isaga u gaar ah oo ay hoggaaminayaan indheergaradka, si wayna qayb uga yihiin una dhan yihiin qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada.
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